中華人民共和國民法通則
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中華人民共和國主席令第三十七號
《中華人民共和國民法通則》已由中華人民共和國第六屆全國人民代表大會第四次會議于一九八六年四月十二日通過，現(xiàn)予公布，自一九八七年一月一日起施行。
中華人民共和國主席 李先念
一九八六年四月十二日
目 錄
第一章 基本原則
第二章 公民（自然人）
第一節(jié) 民事權(quán)利能力和民事行為能力
第二節(jié) 監(jiān)護(hù)
第三節(jié) 宣告失蹤和宣告死亡
第四節(jié) 個體工商戶、農(nóng)村承包經(jīng)營戶
第五節(jié) 個人合伙
第三章 法人
第一節(jié) 一般規(guī)定
第二節(jié) 企業(yè)法人
第三節(jié) 機(jī)關(guān)、事業(yè)單位和社會團(tuán)體法人
第四節(jié) 聯(lián)營
第四章 民事法律行為和代理
第一節(jié) 民事法律行為
第二節(jié) 代理
第五章 民事權(quán)利
第一節(jié) 財產(chǎn)所有權(quán)和與財產(chǎn)所有權(quán)有關(guān)的
財產(chǎn)權(quán)
第二節(jié) 債權(quán)
第三節(jié) 知識產(chǎn)權(quán)
第四節(jié) 人身權(quán)
第六章 民事責(zé)任
第一節(jié) 一般規(guī)定
第二節(jié) 違反合同的民事責(zé)任
第三節(jié) 侵權(quán)的民事責(zé)任
第四節(jié) 承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任的方式
第七章 訴訟時效
第八章 涉外民事關(guān)系的法律適用
第九章 附則
第一章 基本原則
第一條 為了保障公民、法人的合法的民事權(quán)益，正確調(diào)整民事關(guān)系，適應(yīng)社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)事業(yè)發(fā)展的需要，根據(jù)憲法和我國實際情況，總結(jié)民事活動的實踐經(jīng)驗，制定本法。
第二條 中華人民共和國民法調(diào)整平等主體的公民之間、法人之間、公民和法人之間的財產(chǎn)關(guān)系和人身關(guān)系。
第三條 當(dāng)事人在民事活動中的地位平等。
第四條 民事活動應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循自愿、公平、等價有償、誠實信用的原則。
第五條 公民、法人的合法的民事權(quán)益受法律保護(hù)，任何組織和個人不得侵犯。
第六條 民事活動必須遵守法律，法律沒有規(guī)定的，應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守國家政策。
第七條 民事活動應(yīng)當(dāng)尊重社會公德，不得損害社會公共利益，破壞國家經(jīng)濟(jì)計劃，擾亂社會經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序。
第八條 在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的民事活動，適用中華人民共和國法律，法律另有規(guī)定的除外。
本法關(guān)于公民的規(guī)定，適用于在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的外國人、無國籍人，法律另有規(guī)定的除外。
第二章 公民（自然人）
第一節(jié) 民事權(quán)利能力和民事行為能力
第九條 公民從出生時起到死亡時止，具有民事權(quán)利能力，依法享有民事權(quán)利，承擔(dān)民事義務(wù)。
第十條 公民的民事權(quán)利能力一律平等。
第十一條 十八周歲以上的公民是成年人，具有完全民事行為能力，可以獨立進(jìn)行民事活動，是完全民事行為能力人。
十六周歲以上不滿十八周歲的公民，以自己的勞動收入為主要生活來源的，視為完全民事行為能力人。
第十二條 十周歲以上的未成年人是限制民事行為能力人，可以進(jìn)行與他的年齡、智力相適應(yīng)的民事活動；其他民事活動由他的法定代理人代理，或者征得他的法定代理人的同意。
不滿十周歲的未成年人是無民事行為能力人，由他的法定代理人代理民事活動。
第十三條 不能辨認(rèn)自己行為的精神病人是無民事行為能力人，由他的法定代理人代理民事活動。
不能完全辨認(rèn)自己行為的精神病人是限制民事行為能力人，可以進(jìn)行與他的精神健康狀況相適應(yīng)的民事活動；其他民事活動由他的法定代理人代理，或者征得他的法定代理人的同意。
第十四條 無民事行為能力人、限制民事行為能力人的監(jiān)護(hù)人是他的法定代理人。
第十五條 公民以他的戶籍所在地的居住地為住所，經(jīng)常居住地與住所不一致的，經(jīng)常居住地視為住所。
第二節(jié) 監(jiān) 護(hù)
第十六條 未成年人的父母是未成年人的監(jiān)護(hù)人。
未成年人的父母已經(jīng)死亡或者沒有監(jiān)護(hù)能力的，由下列人員中有監(jiān)護(hù)能力的人擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人：
（一）祖父母、外祖父母；
�。ǘ┬�、姐；
（三）關(guān)系密切的其他親屬、朋友愿意承擔(dān)監(jiān)護(hù)責(zé)任，經(jīng)未成年人的父、母的所在單位或者未成年人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會同意的。
對擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人有爭議的，由未成年人的父、母的所在單位或者未成年人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會在近親屬中指定。對指定不服提起訴訟的，由人民法院裁決。
沒有第一款、第二款規(guī)定的監(jiān)護(hù)人的，由未成年人的父、母的所在單位或者未成年人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會或者民政部門擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人。
第十七條 無民事行為能力或者限制民事行為能力的精神病人，由下列人員擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人：
�。ㄒ唬┡渑�；
（二）父母；
�。ㄈ┏赡曜优�；
（四）其他近親屬；
（五）關(guān)系密切的其他親屬、朋友愿意承擔(dān)監(jiān)護(hù)責(zé)任，經(jīng)精神病人的所在單位或者住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會同意的。
對擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人有爭議的，由精神病人的所在單位或者住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會在近親屬中指定。對指定不服提起訴訟的，由人民法院裁決。
沒有第一款規(guī)定的監(jiān)護(hù)人的，由精神病人的所在單位或者住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會或者民政部門擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人。
第十八條 監(jiān)護(hù)人應(yīng)當(dāng)履行監(jiān)護(hù)職責(zé)，保護(hù)被監(jiān)護(hù)人的人身、財產(chǎn)及其他合法權(quán)益，除為被監(jiān)護(hù)人的利益外，不得處理被監(jiān)護(hù)人的財產(chǎn)。
監(jiān)護(hù)人依法履行監(jiān)護(hù)的權(quán)利，受法律保護(hù)。
監(jiān)護(hù)人不履行監(jiān)護(hù)職責(zé)或者侵害被監(jiān)護(hù)人的合法權(quán)益的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)責(zé)任；給被監(jiān)護(hù)人造成財產(chǎn)損失的，應(yīng)當(dāng)賠償損失。人民法院可以根據(jù)有關(guān)人員或者有關(guān)單位的申請，撤銷監(jiān)護(hù)人的資格。
第十九條 精神病人的利害關(guān)系人，可以向人民法院申請宣告精神病人為無民事行為能力人或者限制民事行為能力人。
被人民法院宣告為無民事行為能力人或者限制民事行為能力人的，根據(jù)他健康恢復(fù)的狀況，經(jīng)本人或者利害關(guān)系人申請，人民法院可以宣告他為限制民事行為能力人或者完全民事行為能力人。
第三節(jié) 宣告失蹤和宣告死亡
第二十條 公民下落不明滿二年的，利害關(guān)系人可以向人民法院申請宣告他為失蹤人。
戰(zhàn)爭期間下落不明的，下落不明的時間從戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束之日起計算。
第二十一條 失蹤人的財產(chǎn)由他的配偶、父母、成年子女或者關(guān)系密切的其他親屬、朋友代管。代管有爭議的，沒有以上規(guī)定的人或者以上規(guī)定的人無能力代管的，由人民法院指定的人代管。
失蹤人所欠稅款、債務(wù)和應(yīng)付的其他費(fèi)用，由代管人從失蹤人的財產(chǎn)中支付。
第二十二條 被宣告失蹤的人重新出現(xiàn)或者確知他的下落，經(jīng)本人或者利害關(guān)系人申請，人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)撤銷對他的失蹤宣告。
第二十三條 公民有下列情形之一的，利害關(guān)系人可以向人民法院申請宣告他死亡：
�。ㄒ唬┫侣洳幻鳚M四年的；
（二）因意外事故下落不明，從事故發(fā)生之日起滿二年的。
戰(zhàn)爭期間下落不明的，下落不明的時間從戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束之日起計算。
第二十四條 被宣告死亡的人重新出現(xiàn)或者確知他沒有死亡，經(jīng)本人或者利害關(guān)系人申請，人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)撤銷對他的死亡宣告。
有民事行為能力人在被宣告死亡期間實施的民事法律行為有效。
第二十五條 被撤銷死亡宣告的人有權(quán)請求返還財產(chǎn)。依照繼承法取得他的財產(chǎn)的公民或者組織，應(yīng)當(dāng)返還原物；原物不存在的，給予適當(dāng)補(bǔ)償。
第四節(jié) 個體工商戶、農(nóng)村承包經(jīng)營戶
第二十六條 公民在法律允許的范圍內(nèi)，依法經(jīng)核準(zhǔn)登記，從事工商業(yè)經(jīng)營的，為個體工商戶。個體工商戶可以起字號。
第二十七條 農(nóng)村集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織的成員，在法律允許的范圍內(nèi)，按照承包合同規(guī)定從事商品經(jīng)營的，為農(nóng)村承包經(jīng)營戶。
第二十八條 個體工商戶、農(nóng)村承包經(jīng)營戶的合法權(quán)益，受法律保護(hù)。
第二十九條 個體工商戶、農(nóng)村承包經(jīng)營戶的債務(wù)，個人經(jīng)營的，以個人財產(chǎn)承擔(dān)；家庭經(jīng)營的，以家庭財產(chǎn)承擔(dān)。
第五節(jié) 個人合伙
第三十條 個人合伙是指兩個以上公民按照協(xié)議，各自提供資金、實物、技術(shù)等，合伙經(jīng)營、共同勞動。
第三十一條 合伙人應(yīng)當(dāng)對出資數(shù)額、盈余分配、債務(wù)承擔(dān)、入伙、退伙、合伙終止等事項，訂立書面協(xié)議。
第三十二條 合伙人投入的財產(chǎn)，由合伙人統(tǒng)一管理和使用。
合伙經(jīng)營積累的財產(chǎn)，歸合伙人共有。
第三十三條 個人合伙可以起字號，依法經(jīng)核準(zhǔn)登記，在核準(zhǔn)登記的經(jīng)營范圍內(nèi)從事經(jīng)營。
第三十四條 個人合伙的經(jīng)營活動，由合伙人共同決定，合伙人有執(zhí)行和監(jiān)督的權(quán)利。
合伙人可以推舉負(fù)責(zé)人。合伙負(fù)責(zé)人和其他人員的經(jīng)營活動，由全體合伙人承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。
第三十五條 合伙的債務(wù)，由合伙人按照出資比例或者協(xié)議的約定，以各自的財產(chǎn)承擔(dān)清償責(zé)任。
合伙人對合伙的債務(wù)承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任，法律另有規(guī)定的除外。償還合伙債務(wù)超過自己應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)數(shù)額的合伙人，有權(quán)向其他合伙人追償。
第三章 法 人
第一節(jié) 一般規(guī)定
第三十六條 法人是具有民事權(quán)利能力和民事行為能力，依法獨立享有民事權(quán)利和承擔(dān)民事義務(wù)的組織。
法人的民事權(quán)利能力和民事行為能力，從法人成立時產(chǎn)生，到法人終止時消滅。
第三十七條 法人應(yīng)當(dāng)具備下列條件：
（一）依法成立；
�。ǘ┯斜匾呢敭a(chǎn)或者經(jīng)費(fèi)；
�。ㄈ┯凶约旱拿Q、組織機(jī)構(gòu)和場所；
�。ㄋ模┠軌颡毩⒊袚�(dān)民事責(zé)任。
第三十八條 依照法律或者法人組織章程規(guī)定，代表法人行使職權(quán)的負(fù)責(zé)人，是法人的法定代表人。
第三十九條 法人以它的主要辦事機(jī)構(gòu)所在地為住所。
第四十條 法人終止，應(yīng)當(dāng)依法進(jìn)行清算，停止清算范圍外的活動。
第二節(jié) 企業(yè)法人
第四十一條 全民所有制企業(yè)、集體所有制企業(yè)有符合國家規(guī)定的資金數(shù)額，有組織章程、組織機(jī)構(gòu)和場所，能夠獨立承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任，經(jīng)主管機(jī)關(guān)核準(zhǔn)登記，取得法人資格。
在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域內(nèi)設(shè)立的中外合資經(jīng)營企業(yè)、中外合作經(jīng)營企業(yè)和外資企業(yè)，具備法人條件的，依法經(jīng)工商行政管理機(jī)關(guān)核準(zhǔn)登記，取得中國法人資格。
第四十二條 企業(yè)法人應(yīng)當(dāng)在核準(zhǔn)登記的經(jīng)營范圍內(nèi)從事經(jīng)營。
第四十三條 企業(yè)法人對它的法定代表人和其他工作人員的經(jīng)營活動，承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。
第四十四條 企業(yè)法人分立、合并或者有其他重要事項變更，應(yīng)當(dāng)向登記機(jī)關(guān)辦理登記并公告。
企業(yè)法人分立、合并，它的權(quán)利和義務(wù)由變更后的法人享有和承擔(dān)。
第四十五條 企業(yè)法人由于下列原因之一終止：
�。ㄒ唬┮婪ū怀蜂N；
（二）解散；
（三）依法宣告破產(chǎn)；
�。ㄋ模┢渌�。
第四十六條 企業(yè)法人終止，應(yīng)當(dāng)向登記機(jī)關(guān)辦理注銷登記并公告。
第四十七條 企業(yè)法人解散，應(yīng)當(dāng)成立清算組織，進(jìn)行清算。企業(yè)法人被撤銷、被宣告破產(chǎn)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)由主管機(jī)關(guān)或者人民法院組織有關(guān)機(jī)關(guān)和有關(guān)人員成立清算組織，進(jìn)行清算。
第四十八條 全民所有制企業(yè)法人以國家授予它經(jīng)營管理的財產(chǎn)承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。集體所有制企業(yè)法人以企業(yè)所有的財產(chǎn)承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。中外合資經(jīng)營企業(yè)法人、中外合作經(jīng)營企業(yè)法人和外資企業(yè)法人以企業(yè)所有的財產(chǎn)承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任，法律另有規(guī)定的除外。
第四十九條 企業(yè)法人有下列情形之一的，除法人承擔(dān)責(zé)任外，對法定代表人可以給予行政處分、罰款，構(gòu)成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責(zé)任：
�。ㄒ唬┏龅怯洐C(jī)關(guān)核準(zhǔn)登記的經(jīng)營范圍從事非法經(jīng)營的；
�。ǘ┫虻怯洐C(jī)關(guān)、稅務(wù)機(jī)關(guān)隱瞞真實情況、弄虛作假的；
�。ㄈ┏樘淤Y金、隱匿財產(chǎn)逃避債務(wù)的；
�。ㄋ模┙馍�、被撤銷、被宣告破產(chǎn)后，擅自處理財產(chǎn)的；
（五）變更、終止時不及時申請辦理登記和公告，使利害關(guān)系人遭受重大損失的；
�。⿵氖路山沟钠渌顒�，損害國家利益或者社會公共利益的。
第三節(jié) 機(jī)關(guān)、事業(yè)單位和社會團(tuán)體法人
第五十條 有獨立經(jīng)費(fèi)的機(jī)關(guān)從成立之日起，具有法人資格。
具備法人條件的事業(yè)單位、社會團(tuán)體，依法不需要辦理法人登記的，從成立之日起，具有法人資格；依法需要辦理法人登記的，經(jīng)核準(zhǔn)登記，取得法人資格。
第四節(jié) 聯(lián) 營
第五十一條 企業(yè)之間或者企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位之間聯(lián)營，組成新的經(jīng)濟(jì)實體，獨立承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任、具備法人條件的，經(jīng)主管機(jī)關(guān)核準(zhǔn)登記，取得法人資格。
第五十二條 企業(yè)之間或者企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位之間聯(lián)營，共同經(jīng)營、不具備法人條件的，由聯(lián)營各方按照出資比例或者協(xié)議的約定，以各自所有的或者經(jīng)營管理的財產(chǎn)承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。依照法律的規(guī)定或者協(xié)議的約定負(fù)連帶責(zé)任的，承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任。
第五十三條 企業(yè)之間或者企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位之間聯(lián)營，按照合同的約定各自獨立經(jīng)營的，它的權(quán)利和義務(wù)由合同約定，各自承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。
第四章 民事法律行為和代理
第一節(jié) 民事法律行為
第五十四條 民事法律行為是公民或者法人設(shè)立、變更、終止民事權(quán)利和民事義務(wù)的合法行為。
第五十五條 民事法律行為應(yīng)當(dāng)具備下列條件：
�。ㄒ唬┬袨槿司哂邢鄳�(yīng)的民事行為能力；
�。ǘ┮馑急硎菊鎸崳�
�。ㄈ┎贿`反法律或者社會公共利益。
第五十六條 民事法律行為可以采取書面形式、口頭形式或者其他形式。法律規(guī)定是特定形式的，應(yīng)當(dāng)依照法律規(guī)定。
第五十七條 民事法律行為從成立時起具有法律約束力。行為人非依法律規(guī)定或者取得對方同意，不得擅自變更或者解除。
第五十八條 下列民事行為無效：
（一）無民事行為能力人實施的；
�。ǘ┫拗泼袷滦袨槟芰θ艘婪ú荒塥毩嵤┑�；
（三）一方以欺詐、脅迫的手段或者乘人之危，使對方在違背真實意思的情況下所為的；
（四）惡意串通，損害國家、集體或者第三人利益的；
�。ㄎ澹┻`反法律或者社會公共利益的；
�。┙�(jīng)濟(jì)合同違反國家指令性計劃的；
�。ㄆ撸┮院戏ㄐ问窖谏w非法目的的。
無效的民事行為，從行為開始起就沒有法律約束力。
第五十九條 下列民事行為，一方有權(quán)請求人民法院或者仲裁機(jī)關(guān)予以變更或者撤銷：
�。ㄒ唬┬袨槿藢π袨閮�(nèi)容有重大誤解的；
�。ǘ╋@失公平的。
被撤銷的民事行為從行為開始起無效。
第六十條 民事行為部分無效，不影響其他部分的效力的，其他部分仍然有效。
第六十一條 民事行為被確認(rèn)為無效或者被撤銷后，當(dāng)事人因該行為取得的財產(chǎn)，應(yīng)當(dāng)返還給受損失的一方。有過錯的一方應(yīng)當(dāng)賠償對方因此所受的損失，對方都有過錯的，應(yīng)當(dāng)各自承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的責(zé)任。
雙方惡意串通，實施民事行為損害國家的、集體的或者第三人的利益的，應(yīng)當(dāng)追繳雙方取得的財產(chǎn)，收歸國家、集體所有或者返還第三人。
第六十二條 民事法律行為可以附條件，附條件的民事法律行為在符合所附條件時生效。
第二節(jié) 代理
第六十三條 公民、法人可以通過代理人實施民事法律行為。
代理人在代理權(quán)限內(nèi)，以被代理人的名義實施民事法律行為。被代理人對代理人的代理行為，承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。
依照法律規(guī)定或者按照雙方當(dāng)事人約定，應(yīng)當(dāng)由本人實施的民事法律行為，不得代理。
第六十四條 代理包括委托代理、法定代理和指定代理。
委托代理人按照被代理人的委托行使代理權(quán)，法定代理人依照法律的規(guī)定行使代理權(quán)，指定代理人按照人民法院或者指定單位的指定行使代理權(quán)。
第六十五條 民事法律行為的委托代理，可以用書面形式，也可以用口頭形式。法律規(guī)定用書面形式的，應(yīng)當(dāng)用書面形式。
書面委托代理的授權(quán)委托書應(yīng)當(dāng)載明代理人的姓名或者名稱、代理事項、權(quán)限和期間，并由委托人簽名或者蓋章。
委托書授權(quán)不明的，被代理人應(yīng)當(dāng)向第三人承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任，代理人負(fù)連帶責(zé)任。
第六十六條 沒有代理權(quán)、超越代理權(quán)或者代理權(quán)終止后的行為，只有經(jīng)過被代理人的追認(rèn)，被代理人才承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。未經(jīng)追認(rèn)的行為，由行為人承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。本人知道他人以本人名義實施民事行為而不作否認(rèn)表示的，視為同意。
代理人不履行職責(zé)而給被代理人造成損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。
代理人和第三人串通，損害被代理人的利益的，由代理人和第三人負(fù)連帶責(zé)任。
第三人知道行為人沒有代理權(quán)、超越代理權(quán)或者代理權(quán)已終止還與行為人實施民事行為給他人造成損害的，由第三人和行為人負(fù)連帶責(zé)任。
第六十七條 代理人知道被委托代理的事項違法仍然進(jìn)行代理活動的，或者被代理人知道代理人的代理行為違法不表示反對的，由被代理人和代理人負(fù)連帶責(zé)任。
第六十八條 委托代理人為被代理人的利益需要轉(zhuǎn)托他人代理的，應(yīng)當(dāng)事先取得被代理人的同意。事先沒有取得被代理人同意的，應(yīng)當(dāng)在事后及時告訴被代理人，如果被代理人不同意，由代理人對自己所轉(zhuǎn)托的人的行為負(fù)民事責(zé)任，但在緊急情況下，為了保護(hù)被代理人的利益而轉(zhuǎn)托他人代理的除外。
第六十九條 有下列情形之一的，委托代理終止：
�。ㄒ唬┐砥陂g屆滿或者代理事務(wù)完成；
（二）被代理人取消委托或者代理人辭去委托；
（三）代理人死亡；
�。ㄋ模┐砣藛适袷滦袨槟芰�；
�。ㄎ澹┳鳛楸淮砣嘶蛘叽砣说姆ㄈ私K止。
第七十條 有下列情形之一的，法定代理或者指定代理終止：
�。ㄒ唬┍淮砣巳〉没蛘呋謴�(fù)民事行為能力；
（二）被代理人或者代理人死亡；
�。ㄈ┐砣藛适袷滦袨槟芰�；
�。ㄋ模┲付ù淼娜嗣穹ㄔ夯蛘咧付▎挝蝗∠付�；
（五）由其他原因引起的被代理人和代理人之間的監(jiān)護(hù)關(guān)系消滅。
第五章 民事權(quán)利
第一節(jié) 財產(chǎn)所有權(quán)和與財產(chǎn)所有權(quán)有關(guān)的財產(chǎn)權(quán)
第七十一條 財產(chǎn)所有權(quán)是指所有人依法對自己的財產(chǎn)享有占有、使用、收益和處分的權(quán)利。
第七十二條 財產(chǎn)所有權(quán)的取得，不得違反法律規(guī)定。
按照合同或者其他合法方式取得財產(chǎn)的，財產(chǎn)所有權(quán)從財產(chǎn)交付時起轉(zhuǎn)移，法律另有規(guī)定或者當(dāng)事人另有約定的除外。
第七十三條 國家財產(chǎn)屬于全民所有。
國家財產(chǎn)神圣不可侵犯，禁止任何組織或者個人侵占、哄搶、私分、截留、破壞。
第七十四條 勞動群眾集體組織的財產(chǎn)屬于勞動群眾集體所有，包括：
�。ㄒ唬┓梢�(guī)定為集體所有的土地和森林、山嶺、草原、荒地、灘涂等；
�。ǘ┘w經(jīng)濟(jì)組織的財產(chǎn)；
�。ㄈ┘w所有的建筑物、水庫、農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施和教育、科學(xué)、文化、衛(wèi)生、體育等設(shè)施；
�。ㄋ模┘w所有的其他財產(chǎn)。
集體所有的土地依照法律屬于村農(nóng)民集體所有，由村農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)合作社等農(nóng)業(yè)集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織或者村民委員會經(jīng)營、管理。已經(jīng)屬于鄉(xiāng)（鎮(zhèn)）農(nóng)民集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織所有的，可以屬于鄉(xiāng)（鎮(zhèn)）農(nóng)民集體所有。
集體所有的財產(chǎn)受法律保護(hù)，禁止任何組織或者個人侵占、哄搶、私分、破壞或者非法查封、扣押、凍結(jié)、沒收。
第七十五條 公民的個人財產(chǎn)，包括公民的合法收入、房屋、儲蓄、生活用品、文物、圖書資料、林木、牲畜和法律允許公民所有的生產(chǎn)資料以及其他合法財產(chǎn)。
公民的合法財產(chǎn)受法律保護(hù)，禁止任何組織或者個人侵占、哄搶、破壞或者非法查封、扣押、凍結(jié)、沒收。
第七十六條 公民依法享有財產(chǎn)繼承權(quán)。
第七十七條 社會團(tuán)體包括宗教團(tuán)體的合法財產(chǎn)受法律保護(hù)。
第七十八條 財產(chǎn)可以由兩個以上的公民、法人共有。
共有分為按份共有和共同共有。按份共有人按照各自的份額，對共有財產(chǎn)分享權(quán)利，分擔(dān)義務(wù)。共同共有人對共有財產(chǎn)享有權(quán)利，承擔(dān)義務(wù)。
按份共有財產(chǎn)的每個共有人有權(quán)要求將自己的份額分出或者轉(zhuǎn)讓。但在出售時，其他共有人在同等條件下，有優(yōu)先購買的權(quán)利。
第七十九條 所有人不明的埋藏物、隱藏物，歸國家所有。接收單位應(yīng)當(dāng)對上繳的單位或者個人，給予表揚(yáng)或者物質(zhì)獎勵。
拾得遺失物、漂流物或者失散的飼養(yǎng)動物，應(yīng)當(dāng)歸還失主，因此而支出的費(fèi)用由失主償還。
第八十條 國家所有的土地，可以依法由全民所有制單位使用，也可以依法確定由集體所有制單位使用，國家保護(hù)它的使用、收益的權(quán)利；使用單位有管理、保護(hù)、合理利用的義務(wù)。
公民、集體依法對集體所有的或者國家所有由集體使用的土地的承包經(jīng)營權(quán)，受法律保護(hù)。承包雙方的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，依照法律由承包合同規(guī)定。
土地不得買賣、出租、抵押或者以其他形式非法轉(zhuǎn)讓。
第八十一條 國家所有的森林、山嶺、草原、荒地、灘涂、水面等自然資源，可以依法由全民所有制單位使用，也可以依法確定由集體所有制單位使用，國家保護(hù)它的使用、收益的權(quán)利；使用單位有管理、保護(hù)、合理利用的義務(wù)。
國家所有的礦藏，可以依法由全民所有制單位和集體所有制單位開采，也可以依法由公民采挖。國家保護(hù)合法的采礦權(quán)。
公民、集體依法對集體所有的或者國家所有由集體使用的森林、山嶺、草原、荒地、灘涂、水面的承包經(jīng)營權(quán)，受法律保護(hù)。承包雙方的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，依照法律由承包合同規(guī)定。
國家所有的礦藏、水流，國家所有的和法律規(guī)定屬于集體所有的林地、山嶺、草原、荒地、灘涂不得買賣、出租、抵押或者以其他形式非法轉(zhuǎn)讓。
第八十二條 全民所有制企業(yè)對國家授予它經(jīng)營管理的財產(chǎn)依法享有經(jīng)營權(quán)，受法律保護(hù)。
第八十三條 不動產(chǎn)的相鄰各方，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照有利生產(chǎn)、方便生活、團(tuán)結(jié)互助、公平合理的精神，正確處理截水、排水、通行、通風(fēng)、采光等方面的相鄰關(guān)系。給相鄰方造成妨礙或者損失的，應(yīng)當(dāng)停止侵害，排除妨礙，賠償損失。
第二節(jié) 債 權(quán)
第八十四條 債是按照合同的約定或者依照法律的規(guī)定，在當(dāng)事人之間產(chǎn)生的特定的權(quán)利和義務(wù)關(guān)系，享有權(quán)利的人是債權(quán)人，負(fù)有義務(wù)的人是債務(wù)人。
債權(quán)人有權(quán)要求債務(wù)人按照合同的約定或者依照法律的規(guī)定履行義務(wù)。
第八十五條 合同是當(dāng)事人之間設(shè)立、變更、終止民事關(guān)系的協(xié)議。依法成立的合同，受法律保護(hù)。
第八十六條 債權(quán)人為二人以上的，按照確定的份額分享權(quán)利。債務(wù)人為二人以上的，按照確定的份額分擔(dān)義務(wù)。
第八十七條 債權(quán)人或者債務(wù)人一方人數(shù)為二人以上的，依照法律的規(guī)定或者當(dāng)事人的約定，享有連帶權(quán)利的每個債權(quán)人，都有權(quán)要求債務(wù)人履行義務(wù)；負(fù)有連帶義務(wù)的每個債務(wù)人，都負(fù)有清償全部債務(wù)的義務(wù)，履行了義務(wù)的人，有權(quán)要求其他負(fù)有連帶義務(wù)的人償付他應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)的份額。
第八十八條 合同的當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)按照合同的約定，全部履行自己的義務(wù)。
合同中有關(guān)質(zhì)量、期限、地點或者價款約定不明確，按照合同有關(guān)條款內(nèi)容不能確定，當(dāng)事人又不能通過協(xié)商達(dá)成協(xié)議的，適用下列規(guī)定：
�。ㄒ唬┵|(zhì)量要求不明確的，按照國家質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)履行，沒有國家質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的，按照通常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)履行。
�。ǘ┞男衅谙薏幻鞔_的，債務(wù)人可以隨時向債權(quán)人履行義務(wù)，債權(quán)人也可以隨時要求債務(wù)人履行義務(wù)，但應(yīng)當(dāng)給對方必要的準(zhǔn)備時間。
�。ㄈ┞男械攸c不明確，給付貨幣的，在接受給付一方的所在地履行，其他標(biāo)的在履行義務(wù)一方的所在地履行。
�。ㄋ模﹥r款約定不明確的，按照國家規(guī)定的價格履行；沒有國家規(guī)定價格的，參照市場價格或者同類物品的價格或者同類勞務(wù)的報酬標(biāo)準(zhǔn)履行。
合同對專利申請權(quán)沒有約定的，完成發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的當(dāng)事人享有申請權(quán)。
合同對科技成果的使用權(quán)沒有約定的，當(dāng)事人都有使用的權(quán)利。
第八十九條 依照法律的規(guī)定或者按照當(dāng)事人的約定，可以采用下列方式擔(dān)保債務(wù)的履行：
�。ㄒ唬┍ＷC人向債權(quán)人保證債務(wù)人履行債務(wù)，債務(wù)人不履行債務(wù)的，按照約定由保證人履行或者承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任；保證人履行債務(wù)后，有權(quán)向債務(wù)人追償。
（二）債務(wù)人或者第三人可以提供一定的財產(chǎn)作為抵押物。債務(wù)人不履行債務(wù)的，債權(quán)人有權(quán)依照法律的規(guī)定以抵押物折價或者以變賣抵押物的價款優(yōu)先得到償還。
（三）當(dāng)事人一方在法律規(guī)定的范圍內(nèi)可以向?qū)Ψ浇o付定金。債務(wù)人履行債務(wù)后，定金應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)肿鲀r款或者收回。給付定金的一方不履行債務(wù)的，無權(quán)要求返還定金；接受定金的一方不履行債務(wù)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)雙倍返還定金。
�。ㄋ模┌凑蘸贤s定一方占有對方的財產(chǎn)，對方不按照合同給付應(yīng)付款項超過約定期限的，占有人有權(quán)留置該財產(chǎn)，依照法律的規(guī)定以留置財產(chǎn)折價或者以變賣該財產(chǎn)的價款優(yōu)先得到償還。
第九十條 合法的借貸關(guān)系受法律保護(hù)。
第九十一條 合同一方將合同的權(quán)利、義務(wù)全部或者部分轉(zhuǎn)讓給第三人的，應(yīng)當(dāng)取得合同另一方的同意，并不得牟利。依照法律規(guī)定應(yīng)當(dāng)由國家批準(zhǔn)的合同，需經(jīng)原批準(zhǔn)機(jī)關(guān)批準(zhǔn)。但是，法律另有規(guī)定或者原合同另有約定的除外。
第九十二條 沒有合法根據(jù)，取得不當(dāng)利益，造成他人損失的，應(yīng)當(dāng)將取得的不當(dāng)利益返還受損失的人。
第九十三條 沒有法定的或者約定的義務(wù)，為避免他人利益受損失進(jìn)行管理或者服務(wù)的，有權(quán)要求受益人償付由此而支付的必要費(fèi)用。
第三節(jié) 知識產(chǎn)權(quán)
第九十四條 公民、法人享有著作權(quán)（版權(quán)），依法有署名、發(fā)表、出版、獲得報酬等權(quán)利。
第九十五條 公民、法人依法取得的專利權(quán)受法律保護(hù)。
第九十六條 法人、個體工商戶、個人合伙依法取得的商標(biāo)專用權(quán)受法律保護(hù)。
第九十七條 公民對自己的發(fā)現(xiàn)享有發(fā)現(xiàn)權(quán)。發(fā)現(xiàn)人有權(quán)申請領(lǐng)取發(fā)現(xiàn)證書、獎金或者其他獎勵。
公民對自己的發(fā)明或者其他科技成果，有權(quán)申請領(lǐng)取榮譽(yù)證書、獎金或者其他獎勵。
第四節(jié) 人 身 權(quán)
第九十八條 公民享有生命健康權(quán)。
第九十九條 公民享有姓名權(quán)，有權(quán)決定、使用和依照規(guī)定改變自己的姓名，禁止他人干涉、盜用、假冒。
法人、個體工商戶、個人合伙享有名稱權(quán)。企業(yè)法人、個體工商戶、個人合伙有權(quán)使用、依法轉(zhuǎn)讓自己的名稱。
第一百條 公民享有肖像權(quán)，未經(jīng)本人同意，不得以營利為目的使用公民的肖像。
第一百零一條 公民、法人享有名譽(yù)權(quán)，公民的人格尊嚴(yán)受法律保護(hù)，禁止用侮辱、誹謗等方式損害公民、法人的名譽(yù)。
第一百零二條 公民、法人享有榮譽(yù)權(quán)，禁止非法剝奪公民、法人的榮譽(yù)稱號。
第一百零三條 公民享有婚姻自主權(quán)，禁止買賣、包辦婚姻和其他干涉婚姻自由的行為。
第一百零四條 婚姻、家庭、老人、母親和兒童受法律保護(hù)。
殘疾人的合法權(quán)益受法律保護(hù)。
第一百零五條 婦女享有同男子平等的民事權(quán)利。
第六章 民事責(zé)任
第一節(jié) 一般規(guī)定
第一百零六條 公民、法人違反合同或者不履行其他義務(wù)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。
公民、法人由于過錯侵害國家的、集體的財產(chǎn)，侵害他人財產(chǎn)、人身的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。
沒有過錯，但法律規(guī)定應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。
第一百零七條 因不可抗力不能履行合同或者造成他人損害的，不承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任，法律另有規(guī)定的除外。
第一百零八條 債務(wù)應(yīng)當(dāng)清償。暫時無力償還的，經(jīng)債權(quán)人同意或者人民法院裁決，可以由債務(wù)人分期償還。有能力償還拒不償還的，由人民法院判決強(qiáng)制償還。
第一百零九條 因防止、制止國家的、集體的財產(chǎn)或者他人的財產(chǎn)、人身遭受侵害而使自己受到損害的，由侵害人承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任，受益人也可以給予適當(dāng)?shù)难a(bǔ)償。
第一百一十條 對承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任的公民、法人需要追究行政責(zé)任的，應(yīng)當(dāng)追究行政責(zé)任；構(gòu)成犯罪的，對公民、法人的法定代表人應(yīng)當(dāng)依法追究刑事責(zé)任。
第二節(jié) 違反合同的民事責(zé)任
第一百一十一條 當(dāng)事人一方不履行合同義務(wù)或者履行合同義務(wù)不符合約定條件的，另一方有權(quán)要求履行或者采取補(bǔ)救措施，并有權(quán)要求賠償損失。
第一百一十二條 當(dāng)事人一方違反合同的賠償責(zé)任，應(yīng)當(dāng)相當(dāng)于另一方因此所受到的損失。
當(dāng)事人可以在合同中約定，一方違反合同時，向另一方支付一定數(shù)額的違約金；也可以在合同中約定對于違反合同而產(chǎn)生的損失賠償額的計算方法。
第一百一十三條 當(dāng)事人雙方都違反合同的，應(yīng)當(dāng)分別承擔(dān)各自應(yīng)負(fù)的民事責(zé)任。
第一百一十四條 當(dāng)事人一方因另一方違反合同受到損失的，應(yīng)當(dāng)及時采取措施防止損失的擴(kuò)大；沒有及時采取措施致使損失擴(kuò)大的，無權(quán)就擴(kuò)大的損失要求賠償。
第一百一十五條 合同的變更或者解除，不影響當(dāng)事人要求賠償損失的權(quán)利。
第一百一十六條 當(dāng)事人一方由于上級機(jī)關(guān)的原因，不能履行合同義務(wù)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照合同約定向另一方賠償損失或者采取其他補(bǔ)救措施，再由上級機(jī)關(guān)對它因此受到的損失負(fù)責(zé)處理。
第三節(jié) 侵權(quán)的民事責(zé)任
第一百一十七條 侵占國家的、集體的財產(chǎn)或者他人財產(chǎn)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)返還財產(chǎn)，不能返還財產(chǎn)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)折價賠償。
損壞國家的、集體的財產(chǎn)或者他人財產(chǎn)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)恢復(fù)原狀或者折價賠償。
受害人因此遭受其他重大損失的，侵害人并應(yīng)當(dāng)賠償損失。
第一百一十八條 公民、法人的著作權(quán)（版權(quán)）、專利權(quán)、商標(biāo)專用權(quán)、發(fā)現(xiàn)權(quán)、發(fā)明權(quán)和其他科技成果權(quán)受到剽竊、篡改、假冒等侵害的，有權(quán)要求停止侵害，消除影響，賠償損失。
第一百一十九條 侵害公民身體造成傷害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)賠償醫(yī)療費(fèi)、因誤工減少的收入、殘廢者生活補(bǔ)助費(fèi)等費(fèi)用；造成死亡的，并應(yīng)當(dāng)支付喪葬費(fèi)、死者生前扶養(yǎng)的人必要的生活費(fèi)等費(fèi)用。
第一百二十條 公民的姓名權(quán)、肖像權(quán)、名譽(yù)權(quán)、榮譽(yù)權(quán)受到侵害的，有權(quán)要求停止侵害，恢復(fù)名譽(yù)，消除影響，賠禮道歉，并可以要求賠償損失。
法人的名稱權(quán)、名譽(yù)權(quán)、榮譽(yù)權(quán)受到侵害的，適用前款規(guī)定。
第一百二十一條 國家機(jī)關(guān)或者國家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員在執(zhí)行職務(wù)中，侵犯公民、法人的合法權(quán)益造成損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。
第一百二十二條 因產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量不合格造成他人財產(chǎn)、人身損害的，產(chǎn)品制造者、銷售者應(yīng)當(dāng)依法承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。運(yùn)輸者、倉儲者對此負(fù)有責(zé)任的，產(chǎn)品制造者、銷售者有權(quán)要求賠償損失。
第一百二十三條 從事高空、高壓、易燃、易爆、劇毒、放射性、高速運(yùn)輸工具等對周圍環(huán)境有高度危險的作業(yè)造成他人損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任；如果能夠證明損害是由受害人故意造成的，不承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。
第一百二十四條 違反國家保護(hù)環(huán)境防止污染的規(guī)定，污染環(huán)境造成他人損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)依法承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。
第一百二十五條 在公共場所、道旁或者通道上挖坑、修繕安裝地下設(shè)施等，沒有設(shè)置明顯標(biāo)志和采取安全措施造成他人損害的，施工人應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。
第一百二十六條 建筑物或者其他設(shè)施以及建筑物上的擱置物、懸掛物發(fā)生倒塌、脫落、墜落造成他人損害的，它的所有人或者管理人應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任，但能夠證明自己沒有過錯的除外。
第一百二十七條 飼養(yǎng)的動物造成他人損害的，動物飼養(yǎng)人或者管理人應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任；由于受害人的過錯造成損害的，動物飼養(yǎng)人或者管理人不承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任；由于第三人的過錯造成損害的，第三人應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。
第一百二十八條 因正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)造成損害的，不承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)超過必要的限度，造成不應(yīng)有的損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)適當(dāng)?shù)拿袷仑?zé)任。
第一百二十九條 因緊急避險造成損害的，由引起險情發(fā)生的人承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。如果危險是由自然原因引起的，緊急避險人不承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任或者承擔(dān)適當(dāng)?shù)拿袷仑?zé)任。因緊急避險采取措施不當(dāng)或者超過必要的限度，造成不應(yīng)有的損害的，緊急避險人應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)適當(dāng)?shù)拿袷仑?zé)任。
第一百三十條 二人以上共同侵權(quán)造成他人損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任。
第一百三十一條 受害人對于損害的發(fā)生也有過錯的，可以減輕侵害人的民事責(zé)任。
第一百三十二條 當(dāng)事人對造成損害都沒有過錯的，可以根據(jù)實際情況，由當(dāng)事人分擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。
第一百三十三條 無民事行為能力人、限制民事行為能力人造成他人損害的，由監(jiān)護(hù)人承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。監(jiān)護(hù)人盡了監(jiān)護(hù)責(zé)任的，可以適當(dāng)減輕他的民事責(zé)任。
有財產(chǎn)的無民事行為能力人、限制民事行為能力人造成他人損害的，從本人財產(chǎn)中支付賠償費(fèi)用。不足部分，由監(jiān)護(hù)人適當(dāng)賠償，但單位擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人的除外。
第六章 民事責(zé)任
第四節(jié)承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任的方式
第一百三十四條 承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任的方式主要有：
�。ㄒ唬┩Ｖ骨趾�；
（二）排除妨礙；
�。ㄈ┫ｋU；
（四）返還財產(chǎn)；
�。ㄎ澹┗謴�(fù)原狀；
�。┬蘩怼⒅刈�、更換；
�。ㄆ撸┵r償損失；
�。ò耍┲Ц哆`約金；
（九）消除影響、恢復(fù)名譽(yù)；
�。ㄊ┵r禮道歉。
以上承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任的方式，可以單獨適用，也可以合并適用。
人民法院審理民事案件，除適用上述規(guī)定外，還可以予以訓(xùn)誡、責(zé)令具結(jié)悔過、收繳進(jìn)行非法活動的財物和非法所得，并可以依照法律規(guī)定處以罰款、拘留。
第七章 訴訟時效
第一百三十五條 向人民法院請求保護(hù)民事權(quán)利的訴訟時效期間為二年，法律另有規(guī)定的除外。
第一百三十六條 下列的訴訟時效期間為一年：
（一）身體受到傷害要求賠償?shù)模?br/>
�。ǘ┏鍪圪|(zhì)量不合格的商品未聲明的；
（三）延付或者拒付租金的；
（四）寄存財物被丟失或者損毀的。
第一百三十七條 訴訟時效期間從知道或者應(yīng)當(dāng)知道權(quán)利被侵害時起計算。但是，從權(quán)利被侵害之日起超過二十年的，人民法院不予保護(hù)。有特殊情況的，人民法院可以延長訴訟時效期間。
第一百三十八條 超過訴訟時效期間，當(dāng)事人自愿履行的，不受訴訟時效限制。
第一百三十九條 在訴訟時效期間的最后六個月內(nèi)，因不可抗力或者其他障礙不能行使請求權(quán)的，訴訟時效中止。從中止時效的原因消除之日起，訴訟時效期間繼續(xù)計算。
第一百四十條 訴訟時效因提起訴訟、當(dāng)事人一方提出要求或者同意履行義務(wù)而中斷。從中斷時起，訴訟時效期間重新計算。
第一百四十一條 法律對訴訟時效另有規(guī)定的，依照法律規(guī)定。
第八章 涉外民事關(guān)系的法律適用
第一百四十二條 涉外民事關(guān)系的法律適用，依照本章的規(guī)定確定。
中華人民共和國締結(jié)或者參加的國際條約同中華人民共和國的民事法律有不同規(guī)定的，適用國際條約的規(guī)定，但中華人民共和國聲明保留的條款除外。
中華人民共和國法律和中華人民共和國締結(jié)或者參加的國際條約沒有規(guī)定的，可以適用國際慣例。
第一百四十三條 中華人民共和國公民定居國外的，他的民事行為能力可以適用定居國法律。
第一百四十四條 不動產(chǎn)的所有權(quán)，適用不動產(chǎn)所在地法律。
第一百四十五條 涉外合同的當(dāng)事人可以選擇處理合同爭議所適用的法律，法律另有規(guī)定的除外。
涉外合同的當(dāng)事人沒有選擇的，適用與合同有最密切聯(lián)系的國家的法律。
第一百四十六條 侵權(quán)行為的損害賠償，適用侵權(quán)行為地法律。當(dāng)事人雙方國籍相同或者在同一國家有住所的，也可以適用當(dāng)事人本國法律或者住所地法律。
中華人民共和國法律不認(rèn)為在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域外發(fā)生的行為是侵權(quán)行為的，不作為侵權(quán)行為處理。
第一百四十七條 中華人民共和國公民和外國人結(jié)婚適用婚姻締結(jié)地法律，離婚適用受理案件的法院所在地法律。
第一百四十八條 扶養(yǎng)適用與被扶養(yǎng)人有最密切聯(lián)系的國家的法律。
第一百四十九條 遺產(chǎn)的法定繼承，動產(chǎn)適用被繼承人死亡時住所地法律，不動產(chǎn)適用不動產(chǎn)所在地法律。
第一百五十條 依照本章規(guī)定適用外國法律或者國際慣例的，不得違背中華人民共和國的社會公共利益。
第九章 附 則
第一百五十一條 民族自治地方的人民代表大會可以根據(jù)本法規(guī)定的原則，結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)孛褡宓奶攸c，制定變通的或者補(bǔ)充的單行條例或者規(guī)定。自治區(qū)人民代表大會制定的，依照法律規(guī)定報全國人民代表大會常務(wù)委員會批準(zhǔn)或者備案；自治州、自治縣人民代表大會制定的，報省、自治區(qū)人民代表大會常務(wù)委員會批準(zhǔn)。
第一百五十二條 本法生效以前，經(jīng)省、自治區(qū)、直轄市以上主管機(jī)關(guān)批準(zhǔn)開辦的全民所有制企業(yè)，已經(jīng)向工商行政管理機(jī)關(guān)登記的，可以不再辦理法人登記，即具有法人資格。
第一百五十三條 本法所稱的“不可抗力”，是指不能預(yù)見、不能避免并不能克服的客觀情況。
第一百五十四條 民法所稱的期間按照公歷年、月、日、小時計算。
規(guī)定按照小時計算期間的，從規(guī)定時開始計算。規(guī)定按照日、月、年計算期間的，開始的當(dāng)天不算入，從下一天開始計算。
期間的最后一天是星期日或者其他法定休假日的，以休假日的次日為期間的最后一天。
期間的最后一天的截止時間為二十四點。有業(yè)務(wù)時間的，到停止業(yè)務(wù)活動的時間截止。
第一百五十五條 民法所稱的“以上”、“以下”、“以內(nèi)”、“屆滿”，包括本數(shù)；所稱的“不滿”、“以外”，不包括本數(shù)。
第一百五十六條 本法自一九八七年一月一日起施行。 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFCHI
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Important Notice: (注意事項)
英文本源自中華人民共和國務(wù)院法制局編譯, 中國法制出版社出版的《中華人民共和國涉外法規(guī)匯編》(1991年7月版).
當(dāng)發(fā)生歧意時, 應(yīng)以法律法規(guī)頒布單位發(fā)布的中文原文為準(zhǔn).This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THEPEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the StateCouncil of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the ChinaLegal System Publishing House.In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法規(guī)全文)
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFCHINA(Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People'sCongress, promulgated by Order No. 37 of the President of the People'sRepublic of China on April 12, 1986, and effective as of January 1, 1987)
Contents
Chapter I
Basic PrinciplesChapter II
Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil
Conduct
Section 2 Guardianship
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm
Households
Section 5 Individual PartnershipChapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social
Organization as Legal Persons
Section 4 Economic AssociationChapter IV
Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Section 2 AgencyChapter V
Civil Rights
Section 1 Property Ownership and Related Property Rights
Section 2 Creditors' Rights
Section 3 Intellectual Property Rights
Section 4 Personal RightsChapter VI
Civil Liability
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Civil Liability for Breach of Contract
Section 3 Civil Liability for Infringement of Rights
Section 4 Methods of Bearing Civil LiabilityChapter VII Limitation of ActionChapter VIII Application of Law in Civil Relations with ForeignersChapter IX
Supplementary Provisions
Chapter I Basic Principles
Article 1This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and the actualsituation in our country, drawing upon our practical experience in civilactivities, for the purpose of protecting the lawful civil rights andinterests of citizens and legal persons and correctly adjusting civilrelations, so as to meet the needs of the developing socialistmodernization.Article 2The Civil Law of the People's Republic of China shall adjust propertyrelationships and personal relationships between civil subjects with equalstatus, that is, between citizens, between legal persons and betweencitizens and legal persons.Article 3Parties to a civil activity shall have equal status.Article 4In civil activities, the principles of voluntariness, fairness, makingcompensation for equal value, honesty and credibility shall be observed.Article 5The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons shallbe protected by law; no organization or individual may infringe upon them.Article 6Civil activities must be in compliance with the law; where there are norelevant provisions in the law, they shall be in compliance with statepolicies.Article 7Civil activities shall have respect for social ethics and shall not harmthe public interest, undermine state economic plans or disrupt socialeconomic order.Article 8The law of the People's Republic of China shall apply to civil activitieswithin the People's Republic of China, except as otherwise stipulated bylaw.The stipulations of this Law as regards citizens shall apply to foreignersand stateless persons within the People's Republic of China, except asotherwise stipulated by law.
Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct.Article 9A citizen shall have the capacity for civil rights from birth to death andshall enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations in accordance withthe law.Article 10All citizens are equal as regards their capacity for civil rights.Article 11A citizen aged 18 or over shall be an adult. He shall have full capacityfor civil conduct, may independently engage in civil activities and shallbe called a person with full capacity for civil conduct.A citizen who has reached the age of 16 but not the age of 18 and whosemain source of income is his own labour shall be regarded as a person withfull capacity for civil conduct.Article 12A minor aged 10 or over shall be a person with limited capacity for civilconduct and may engage in civil activities appropriate to his age andintellect; in other civil activities, he shall be represented by his agentad litem or participate with the consent of his agent ad litem.A minor under the age of 10 shall be a person having no capacity for civilconduct and shall be represented in civil activities by his agent adlitem.Article 13A mentally ill person who is unable to account for his own conduct shallbe a person having no capacity for civil conduct and shall be representedin civil activities by his agent ad litem.A mentally ill person who is unable to fully account for his own conductshall be a person with limited capacity for civil conduct and may engagein civil activities appropriate to his mental health; in other civilactivities, he shall be represented by his agent ad litem or participatewith the consent of his agent ad litem.Article 14The guardian of a person without or with limited capacity for civilconduct shall be his agent ad litem.Article 15The domicile of a citizen shall be the place where his residence isregistered; if his habitual residence is not the same as his domicile, hishabitual residence shall be regarded as his domicile.
Section 2 GuardianshipArticle 16The parents of a minor shall be his guardians.If the parents of a minor are dead or lack the competence to be hisguardian, a person from the following categories who has the competence tobe a guardian shall act as his guardian:(1) paternal or maternal grandparent;(2) elder brother or sister; or(3) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear theresponsibility of guardianship and having approval from the units of theminor's parents or from the neighbourhood or village committee in theplace of the minor's residence. In case of a dispute over guardianship,the units of the minor's parents or the neighbourhood or village committeein the place of his residence shall appoint a guardian from among theminor's near relatives. If disagreement over the appointment leads to alawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.If none of the persons listed in the first two paragraphs of this articleis available to be the guardian, the units of the minor's parents, theneighbourhood or village committee in the place of the minor's residenceor the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.Article 17A person from the following categories shall act as guardian for amentally ill person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct:(1) spouse;(2) parent;(3) adult child;(4) any other near relative;(5) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear theresponsibility of guardianship and having approval from the unit to whichthe mentally ill person belongs or from the neighbourhood or villagecommittee in the place of his residence. In case of a dispute overguardianship, the unit to which the mentally ill person belongs or theneighbourhood or village committee in the place of his residence shallappoint a guardian from among his near relatives. If disagreement over theappointment leads to a lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.If none of the persons listed in the first paragraph of this article isavailable to be the guardian, the unit to which the mentally ill personbelongs, the neighbourhood or village committee in the place of hisresidence or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 18A guardian shall fulfil his duty of guardianship and protect the person,property and other lawful rights and interests of his ward. A guardianshall not handle the property of his ward unless it is in the ward'sinterests.A guardian's rights to fulfil his guardianship in accordance with the lawshall be protected by law.If a guardian does not fulfil his duties as guardian or infringes upon thelawful rights and interests of his ward, he shall be held responsible; ifa guardian causes any property loss for his ward, he shall compensate forsuch loss. The people's court may disqualify a guardian based on theapplication of a concerned party or unit.Article 19A person who shares interests with a mental patient may apply to apeople's court for a declaration that the mental patient is a personwithout or with limited capacity for civil conduct.With the recovery of the health of a person who has been declared by apeople's court to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct,and upon his own application or that of an interested person, the people'scourt may declare him to be a person with limited or full capacity forcivil conduct.
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and DeathArticle 20If a citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years, an interestedperson may apply to a people's court for a declaration of the citizen asmissing.If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation ofthe time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on thefinal day of the war.Article 21A missing person's property shall be placed in the custody of his spouse,parents, adult children or other closely connected relatives or friends.In case of a dispute over custody, if the persons stipulated above areunavailable or are incapable of taking such custody, the property shall beplaced in the custody of a person appointed by the people's court. Anytaxes, debts and other unpaid expenses owed by a missing person shalldefrayed by the custodian out of the missing person's property.Article 22In the event that a person who has been declared missing reappears or hiswhereabouts are ascertained, the people's court shall, upon his ownapplication or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of hismissing-person status.Article 23Under either of the following circumstances, an interested person mayapply to the people's court for a declaration of a citizen's death:(1) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for four years or(2) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years after thedate of an accident in which he was involved.If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation ofthe time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on thefinal day of the war.Article 24In the event that a person who has been declared dead reappears or it isascertained that he is alive, the people's court shall, upon his ownapplication or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of hisdeath.Any civil juristic acts performed by a person with capacity for civilconduct during the period in which he has been declared dead shall beva lid.Article 25A person shall have the right to request the return of his property, ifthe declaration of his death has been revoked. Any citizen or organizationthat has obtained such property in accordance with the Law of Successionshall return the original items or make appropriate compensation if theoriginal items no longer exist.
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm HouseholdsArticle 26"Individual businesses" refers to business run by individual citizens whohave been lawfully registered and approved to engage in industrial orcommercial operation within the sphere permitted by law. An individualbusiness may adopt a shop name.Article 27"Leaseholding farm households" refers to members of a rural collectiveeconomic organization who engage in commodity production under a contractand within the spheres permitted by law.Article 28The legitimate rights and interests of individual businesses andleaseholding farm households shall be protected by law.Article 29The debts of an individual business or a leaseholding farm household shallbe secured with the individual's property if the business is operated byan individual and with the family's property if the business is operatedby a family.
Section 5 Individual PartnershipArticle 30"Individual partnership" refers to two or more citizens associated in abusiness and working together, with each providing funds, materialobjects, techniques and so on according to an agreement.Article 31Partners shall make a written agreement covering the funds each is toprovide, the distribution of profits, the responsibility for debts, theentering into and withdrawal from partnership, the ending of partnershipand other such matters.Article 32The property provided by the partners shall be under their unifiedmanagement and use. The property accumulated in a partnership operationshall belong to all the partners.Article 33An individual partnership may adopt a shop name; it shall be approved andregistered in accordance with the law and conduct business operationswithin the range as approved and registered.Article 34The operational activities of an individual partnership shall be decidedjointly by the partners, who each shall have the right to carry out andsupervise those activities. The partners may elect a responsible person.All partners shall bear civil liability for the operational activities ofthe responsible person and other personnel.
Article 35A partnership's debts shall be secured with the partners' property inproportion to their respective contributions to the investment oraccording to the agreement made. Partners shall undertake joint liabilityfor their partnership's debts, except as otherwise stipulated by law. Anypartner who overpays his share of the partnership's debts shall have theright to claim compensation from the other partners.
Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General StipulationsArticle 36A legal person shall be an organization that has capacity for civil rightsand capacity for civil conduct and independently enjoys civil rights andassumes civil obligations in accordance with the law.A legal person's capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conductshall begin when the legal person is established and shall end when thelegal person terminates.Article 37A legal person shall have the following qualifications:(1) establishment in accordance with the law;(2) possession of the necessary property or funds;(3) possession of its own name, organization and premises; and(4) ability to independently bear civil liability.Article 38In accordance with the law or the articles of association of the legalperson, the responsible person who acts on behalf of the legal person inexercising its functions and powers shall be its legal representative.Article 39A legal person's domicile shall be the place where its main administrativeoffice is located.Article 40When a legal person terminates, it shall go into liquidation in accordancewith the law and discontinue all other activities.
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal PersonArticle 41An enterprise owned by the whole people or under collective ownershipshall be qualified as a legal person when it has sufficient funds asstipulated by the state; has articles of association, an organization andpremises; has the ability to independently bear civil liability; and hasbeen approved and registered by the competent authority. A Chinese-foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture orforeign-capital enterprise established within the People's Republic ofChina shall be qualified as a legal person in China if it has thequalifications of a legal person and has been approved and registered bythe administrative agency for industry and commerce in according with thelaw.Article 42An enterprise as legal person shall conduct operations within the rangeapproved and registered.
Article 43An enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability for theoperational activities of its legal representatives and other personnel.Article 44If an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged or undergoes anyother important change, it shall register the change with the registrationauthority and publicly announce it.When an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged, its rights andobligations shall be enjoyed and assumed by the new legal person thatresults from the change.Article 45An enterprise as legal person shall terminate for any of the followingreasons:(1) if it is dissolved by law;(2) if it is disbanded;(3) if it is declared bankrupt in accordance with the law; or(4) for other reasons.Article 46When an enterprise as legal person terminates, it shall cancel itsregistration with the registration authority and publicly announce thetermination.
Article 47When an enterprise as legal person is disbanded, it shall establish aliquidation organization and go into liquidation. When an enterprise aslegal person is dissolved or is declared bankrupt, the competent authorityor a people's court shall organize the organs and personnel concerned toestablish a liquidation organization to liquidate the enterprise.Article 48An enterprise owned by the whole people, as legal person, shall bear civilliability with the property that the state authorizes it to manage. Anenterprise under collective ownership, as legal person, shall bear civilliability with the property it owns. A Chinese-foreign equity jointventure, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or foreign-capitalenterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability with the property itowns, except as stipulated otherwise by law.Article 49Under any of the following circumstances, an enterprise as legal personshall bear liability, its legal representative may additionally be givenadministrative sanctions and fined and, if the offence constitutes acrime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance withthe law:(1) conducting illegal operations beyond the range approved and registeredby the registration authority;(2) concealing facts from the registration and tax authorities andpractising fraud;(3) secretly withdrawing funds or hiding property to evade repayment ofdebts;(4) disposing of property without authorization after the enterprise isdissolved, disbanded or declared bankrupt;(5) failing to apply for registration and make a public announcementpromptly when the enterprise undergoes a change or terminates, thuscausing interested persons to suffer heavy losses;(6) engaging in other activities prohibited by law, damaging the interestsof the state or the public interest.
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social Organization as LegalPersonArticle 50An independently funded official organ shall be qualified as a legalperson on the day it is established.If according to law an institution or social organization having thequalifications of a legal person needs not go through the procedures forregistering as a legal person, it shall be qualified as a legal person onthe day it is established; if according to law it does need to go throughthe registration procedures, it shall be qualified as a legal person afterbeing approved and registered.
Section 4 Economic AssociationArticle 51If a new economic entity is formed by enterprises or an enterprise and aninstitution that engage in economic association and it independently bearscivil liability and has the qualifications of a legal person, the newentity shall be qualified as a legal person after being approved andregistered by the competent authority.Article 52If the enterprises or an enterprise and an institution that engage ineconomic association conduct joint operation but do not have thequalifications of a legal person, each party to the association shall, inproportion to its respective contribution to the investment or accordingto the agreement made, bear civil liability with the property each partyowns or manages. If joint liability is specified by law or by agreement,the parties shall assume joint liability.Article 53If the contract for economic association of enterprises or of anenterprise and an institution specifies that each party shall conductoperations independently, it shall stipulate the rights and obligations ofeach party, and each party shall bear civil liability separately.
Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic ActsArticle 54A civil juristic act shall be the lawful act of a citizen or legal personto establish, change or terminate civil rights and obligations.Article 55A civil juristic act shall meet the following requirements:(1) the actor has relevant capacity for civil conduct;(2) the intention expressed is genuine; and(3) the act does not violate the law or the public interest.Article 56A civil juristic act may be in written, oral or other form. If the lawstipulates that a particular form be adopted, such stipulation shall beobserved.Article 57A civil juristic act shall be legally binding once it is instituted. Theactor shall not alter or rescind his act except in accordance with the lawor with the other party's consent.Article 58Civil acts in the following categories shall be null and void:(1) those performed by a person without capacity for civil conduct;(2) those that according to law may not be independently performed by aperson with limited capacity for civil conduct;(3) those performed by a person against his true intentions as a result ofcheating, coercion or exploitation of his unfavourable position by theother party;(4) those that performed through malicious collusion are detrimental tothe interest of the state, a collective or a third party;(5) those that violate the law or the public interest;(6) economic contracts that violate the state's mandatory plans; and(7) those that performed under the guise of legitimate acts concealillegitimate purposes. Civil acts that are null and void shall not belegally binding from the very beginning.Article 59A party shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitrationagency to alter or rescind the following civil acts:(1) those performed by an actor who seriously misunderstood the contentsof the acts;(2) those that are obviously unfair.Rescinded civil acts shall be null and void from the very beginning.Article 60If part of a civil act is null and void, it shall not affect the validityof other parts.
Article 61After a civil act has been determined to be null and void or has beenrescinded, the party who acquired property as a result of the act shallreturn it to the party who suffered a loss. The erring party shallcompensate the other party for the losses it suffered as a result of theact; if both sides are in error, they shall each bear their proper shareof the responsibility.If the two sides have conspired maliciously and performed a civil act thatis detrimental to the interests of the state, a collective or a thirdparty, the property that they thus obtained shall be recovered and turnedover to the state or the collective, or returned to the third party.Article 62A civil juristic act may have conditions attached to it. Conditional civiljuristic acts shall take effect when the relevant conditions are met.
Section 2 AgencyArticle 63Citizens and legal persons may perform civil juristic acts through agentsAn agent shall perform civil juristic acts in the principal's name withinthe scope of the power of agency. The principal shall bear civil liabilityfor the agent's acts of agency. Civil juristic acts that should beperformed by the principal himself, pursuant to legal provisions or theagreement between the two parties, shall not be entrusted to an agent.Article 64Agency shall include entrusted agency, statutory agency and appointedagency. An entrusted agent shall exercise the power of agency asentrusted by the principal; a statutory agent shall exercise the power ofagency as prescribed by law; and an appointed agent shall exercise thepower of agency as designated by a people's court or the appointing unit.Article 65A civil juristic act may be entrusted to an agent in writing or orally. Iflegal provisions require the entrustment to be written, it shall beeffected in writing. Where the entrustment of agency is in writing, thepower of attorney shall clearly state the agent's name, the entrustedtasks and the scope and duration of the power of agency, and it shall besigned or sealed by the principal.If the power of attorney is not clear as to the authority conferred, theprincipal shall bear civil liability towards the third party, and theagent shall be held jointly liable.Article 66The principal shall bear civil liability for an act performed by an actorwith no power of agency, beyond the scope of his power of agency or afterhis power of agency has expired, only if he recognizes the actretroactively. If the act is not so recognized, the performer shall bearcivil liability for it. If a principal is aware that a civil act is beingexecuted in his name but fails to repudiate it, his consent shall bedeemed to have been given.An agent shall bear civil liability if he fails to perform his duties andthus causes damage to the principal.If an agent and a third party in collusion harm the principal's interests,the agent and the third party shall be held jointly liable.If a third party is aware that an actor has no power of agency, isoverstepping his power of agency, or his power of agency has expired andyet joins him in a civil act and thus brings damage to other people, thethird party and the actor shall be held jointly liable.
Article 67If an agent is aware that the matters entrusted are illegal but stillcarries them out, or if a principal is aware that his agent's acts areillegal but fails to object to them, the principal and the agent shall beheld jointly liable.Article 68If in the principal's interests an entrusted agent needs to transfer theagency to another person, he shall first obtain the principal's consent.If the principal's consent is not obtained in advance, the matter shall bereported to him promptly after the transfer, and if the principal objects,the agent shall bear civil liability for the acts of the transferee;however, an entrusted agency transferred in emergency circumstances inorder to safeguard the principal's interests shall be excepted.Article 69An entrusted agency shall end under any of the following circumstances:(1) when the period of agency expires or when the tasks entrusted arecompleted;(2) when the principal rescinds the entrustment or the agent declines theentrustment;(3) when the agent dies;(4) when the principal loses his capacity for civil conduct; or(5) when the principal or the agent ceases to be a legal person.Article 70A statutory or appointed agency shall end under any of the followingcircumstances:(1) when the principal gains or recovers capacity for civil conduct;(2) when the principal or the agent dies;(3) when the agent loses capacity for civil conduct;(4) when the people's court or the unit that appointed the agent rescindsthe appointment; or(5) when the guardian relationship between the principal and the agentends for other reasons.
Chapter V Civil Rights
Section 1 Property Ownership and Related Property RightsArticle 71"Property ownership" means the owner's rights to lawfully possess,utilize, profit from and dispose of his property.Article 72Property ownership shall not be obtained in violation of the law.Unless the law stipulates otherwise or the parties concerned have agreedon other arrangements, the ownership of property obtained by contract orby other lawful means shall be transferred simultaneously with theproperty itself.Article 73State property shall be owned by the whole people.State property is sacred and inviolable, and no organization or individualshall be allowed to seize, encroach upon, privately divide, retain ordestroy it.Article 74Property of collective organizations of the working masses shall be ownedcollectively by the working masses. This shall include:(1) land, forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land, beaches andother areas that are stipulated by law to be under collective ownership;(2) property of collective economic organizations;(3) collectively owned buildings, reservoirs, farm irrigation facilitiesand educational, scientific, cultural, health, sports and otherfacilities; and (4) other property that is collectively owned.Collectively owned land shall be owned collectively by the villagepeasants in accordance with the law and shall be worked and managed byvillage agricultural production cooperatives,
other
collectiveagricultural economic organizations or villages' committees. Land alreadyunder the ownership of the township (town) peasants' collective economicorganizations may be collectively owned by the peasants of the township(town). Collectively owned property shall be protected by law, and noorganization or individual may seize, encroach upon, privately divide,destroy or illegally seal up, distrain, freeze or confiscate it.Article 75A citizen's personal property shall include his lawfully earned income,housing, savings, articles for daily use, objects d'art, books, referencematerials, trees, livestock, as well as means of production the lawpermits a citizen to possess and other lawful property. A citizen's lawfulproperty shall be protected by law, and no organization or individual mayappropriate, encroach upon, destroy or illegally seal up, distrain, freezeor confiscate it.
Article 76Citizens shall have the right of inheritance under the law.Article 77The lawful property of social organizations, including religiousorganizations, shall be protected by law.Article 78Property may be owned jointly by two or more citizens or legal persons.There shall be two kinds of joint ownership, namely co-ownership by sharesand common ownership. Each of the co-owners by shares shall enjoy therights and assume the obligations respecting the joint property inproportion to his share. Each of the common owners shall enjoy the rightsand assume the obligations respecting the joint property. Each co-ownerby shares shall have the right to withdraw his own share of the jointproperty or transfer its ownership. However, when he offers to sell hisshare, the other co-owners shall have a right of pre-emption if all otherconditions are equal.Article 79If the owner of a buried or concealed object is unknown, the object shallbelong to the state. The unit that receives the object shall commend orgive a material reward to the unit or individual that turns in the object.Lost-and-found objects, flotsam and stray animals shall be returned totheir rightful owners, and any costs thus incurred shall be reimbursed bythe owners.Article 80State-owned land may be used according to law by units under ownership bythe whole people; it may also be lawfully assigned for use by units undercollective ownership. The state shall protect the usufruct of the land,and the usufructuary shall be obligated to manage, protect and properlyuse the land.The right of citizens and collectives to contract for management of landunder collective ownership or of state-owned land under collective useshall be protected by law. The rights and obligations of the twocontracting parties shall be stipulated in the contract signed inaccordance with the law.Land may not be sold, leased, mortgaged or illegally transferred by anyother means.
Article 81State-owned forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land, beaches,water surfaces and other natural resources may be used according to law byunits under ownership by the whole people; or they may also be lawfullyassigned for use by units under collective ownership. The state shallprotect the usufruct of those resources, and the usufructuary shall beobliged to manage, protect and properly use them.State-owned mineral resources may be mined according to law by units underownership by the whole people and units under collective ownership;citizens may also lawfully mine such resources. The state shall protectlawful mining rights.The right of citizens and collectives to lawfully contract for themanagement of forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land, beachesand water surfaces that are owned by collectives or owned by the state butused by collectives shall be protected by law. The rights and obligationsof the two contracting parties shall be stipulated in the contract inaccordance with the law.State-owned mineral resources and waters as well as forest land,mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land and beaches owned by the state andthose that are lawfully owned by collectives may not be sold, leased,mortgaged or illegally transferred by any other means.Article 82Enterprises under ownership by the whole people shall lawfully enjoy therights of management over property that the state has authorized them tomanage and operate, and the rights shall be protected by law.
Article 83In the spirit of helping production, making things convenient for people'slives, enhancing unity and mutual assistance, and being fair andreasonable, neighbouring users of real estate shall maintain properneighbourly relations over such matters as water supply, drainage,passageway, ventilation and lighting. Anyone who causes obstruction ordamage to his neighbour, shall stop the infringement, eliminate theobstruction and compensate for the damage.
Section 2 Creditors' RightsArticle 84A debt represents a special relationship of rights and obligationsestablished between the parties concerned, either according to the agreedterms of a contract or legal provisions. The party entitled to the rightsshall be the creditor, and the party assuming the obligations shall be thedebtor.The creditor shall have the right to demand that the debtor fulfil hisobligations as specified by the contract or according to legal provisions.Article 85A contract shall be an agreement whereby the parties establish, change orterminate their civil relationship. Lawfully established contracts shallbe protected by law.Article 86When there are two or more creditors to a deal, each creditor shall beentitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit. Whenthere are two or more debtors to a deal, each debtor shall assumeobligations in proportion to his share of the debt.Article 87When there are two or more creditors or debtors to a deal, each of thejoint creditors shall be entitled to demand that the debtor fulfil hisobligations, in accordance with legal provisions or the agreement betweenthe parties; each of the joint debtors shall be obliged to perform theentire debt, and the debtor who performs the entire debt shall be entitledto ask the other joint debtors to reimburse him for their shares of thedebt.
Article 88The parties to a contract shall fully fulfil their obligations pursuant tothe terms of the contract.If a contract contains ambiguous terms regarding quality, time limit forperformance, place of performance, or price, and the intended meaningcannot be determined from the context of relevant terms in the contract,and if the parties cannot reach an agreement through consultation, theprovisions below shall apply:(1) If quality requirements are unclear, state quality standards shallapply; if there are no state quality standards, generally held standardsshall apply.(2) If the time limit for performance is unclear, the debtor may at hisconvenience fulfill his obligations towards the creditor; the creditor mayalso demand at any time that the debtor perform his obligations, butsufficient notice shall be given to the debtor.(3) If the place of performance is unclear, and the payment is money, theperformance shall be effected at the seat or place of residence of theparty receiving the payment; if the payment is other than money, theperformance shall be effected at the seat or place of residence of theparty fulfilling the obligations.(4) If the price agreed by the parties is unclear, the state-fixed priceshall apply. If there is no state-fixed price, the price shall be based onmarket price or the price of a similar article or remuneration for asimilar service.If the contract does not contain an agreed term regarding rights to patentapplication, any party who has completed an invention-creation shall havethe right to apply for a patent.If the contract does not contain an agreed term regarding rights to patentapplication, and technological research achievements, the parties shallall have the right to use such achievements.
Article 89In accordance with legal provisions the agreement between the parties onthe performance of a debt may be guaranteed using the methods below:(1) A guarantor may guarantee to the creditor that the debtor shallperform his debt. If the debtor defaults, the guarantor shall perform thedebt or bear joint liability according to agreement. After performing thedebt, the guarantor shall have the right to claim repayment from thedebtor.(2) The debtor or a third party may offer a specific property as a pledge.If the debtor defaults, the creditors shall be entitled to keep the pledgeto offset the debt or have priority in satisfying his claim out of theproceeds from the sale of the pledge pursuant to relevant legalprovisions.(3) Within the limits of relevant legal provisions, a party may leave adeposit with the other party. After the debtor has discharged his debt,the deposit shall either be retained as partial payment of the debt or bereturned. If the party who leaves the deposit defaults, he shall not beentitled to demand the return of the deposit; if the party who accepts thedeposit defaults, he shall repay the deposit in double.(4) If a party has possession of the other party's property according tocontract and the other party violates the contract by failing to pay arequired sum of money within the specified time limit, the possessor shallhave a lien on the property and may keep the retained property to offsetthe debt or have priority in satisfying his claim out of the proceeds fromthe sale of the property pursuant to relevant legal provisions.
Article 90Legitimate loan relationships shall be protected by law.Article 91If a party to a contract transfers all or part of his contractual rightsor obligations to a third party, he shall obtain the other party's consentand may not seek profits therefrom. Contracts which according to legalprovisions are subject to state approval, such as transfers, must beapproved by the authority that originally approved the contract, unlessthe law or the original contract stipulates otherwise.Article 92If profits are acquired improperly and without a lawful basis, resultingin another person's loss, the illegal profits shall be returned to theperson who suffered the loss.Article 93If a person acts as manager or provides services in order to protectanother person's interests when he is not legally or contractuallyobligated to do so, he shall be entitled to claim from the beneficiary theexpenses necessary for such assistance.
Section 3 Intellectual Property RightsArticle 94Citizens and legal persons shall enjoy rights of authorship (copyrights)and shall be entitled to sign their names as authors, issue and publishtheir works and obtain remuneration in accordance with the law.Article 95The patent rights lawfully obtained by citizens and legal persons shall beprotected by law.Article 96The rights to exclusive use of trademarks obtained by legal persons,individual businesses and individual partnerships shall be protected bylaw.Article 97Citizens who make discoveries shall be entitled to the rights ofdiscovery. A discoverer shall have the right to apply for and receivecertificates of discovery, bonuses or other awards.Citizens who make inventions or other achievements in scientific andtechnological research shall have the right to apply for and receivecertificates of honour, bonuses or other awards.
Section 4 Personal RightsArticle 98Citizens shall enjoy the rights of life and health.Article 99Citizens shall enjoy the right of personal name and shall be entitled todetermine, use or change their personal names in accordance with relevantprovisions. Interference with, usurpation of and false representation ofpersonal names shall be prohibited. Legal persons, individual businessesand individual partnerships shall enjoy the right of name. Enterprises aslegal persons, individual businesses and individual partnerships shallhave the right to use and lawfully assign their own names.Article 100Citizens shall enjoy the right of portrait.The use of a citizen's portrait for profit without his consent shall beprohibited.Article 101Citizens and legal persons shall enjoy the right of reputation. Thepersonality of citizens shall be protected by law, and the use of insults,libel or other means to damage the reputation of citizens or legal personsshall be prohibited.Article 102Citizens and legal persons shall enjoy the right of honour. It shall beprohibited to unlawfully divest citizens and legal persons of theirhonorary titles.Article 103Citizens shall enjoy the right of marriage by choice. Mercenary marriages,marriages upon arbitrary decision by any third party and any other acts ofinterference in the freedom of marriage shall be prohibited.Article 104Marriage, the family, old people, mothers and children shall be protectedby law. The lawful rights and interests of the handicapped shall beprotected by law.Article 105Women shall enjoy equal civil rights with men.
Chapter VI Civil Liability
Section 1 General StipulationsArticle 106Citizens and legal persons who breach a contract or fail to fulfil otherobligations shall bear civil liability.Citizens and legal persons who through their fault encroach upon state orcollective property or the property or person of other people shall bearcivil liability. Civil liability shall still be borne even in the absenceof fault, if the law so stipulates.Article 107Civil liability shall not be borne for failure to perform a contract ordamage to a third party if it is caused by force majeure, except asotherwise provided by law.Article 108Debts shall be cleared. If a debtor is unable to repay his debtimmediately, he may repay by instalments with the consent of the creditoror a ruling by a people's court. If a debtor is capable of repaying hisdebt but refuses to do so, repayment shall be compelled by the decision ofa people's court.Article 109If a person suffers damages from preventing or stopping encroachment onstate or collective property, or the property or person of a third party,the infringer shall bear responsibility for compensation, and thebeneficiary may also give appropriate compensation.Article 110Citizens or legal persons who bear civil liability shall also be held foradministrative responsibility if necessary. If the acts committed bycitizens and legal persons constitute crimes, criminal responsibility oftheir legal representatives shall be investigated in accordance with thelaw.
Section 2 Civil Liability for Breach of ContractArticle 111If a party fails to fulfil its contractual obligations or violates theterm of a contract while fulfilling the obligations, the other party shallhave the right to demand fulfillment or the taking of remedial measuresand claim compensation for its losses.Article 112The party that breaches a contract shall be liable for compensation equalto the losses consequently suffered by the other party.The parties may specify in a contract that if one party breaches thecontract it shall pay the other party a certain amount of breach ofcontract damages; they may also specify in the contract the method ofassessing the compensation for any losses resulting from a breach ofcontract.
Article 113If both parties breach the contract, each party shall bear its respectivecivil liability.Article 114If one party is suffering losses owing to the other party's breach ofcontract, it shall take prompt measures to prevent the losses fromincreasing; if it does not promptly do so, it shall not have the right toclaim compensation for the additional losses.Article 115A party's right to claim compensation for losses shall not be affected bythe alteration or termination of a contract.Article 116If a party fails to fulfil its contractual obligations on account of ahigher authority, it shall first compensate for the losses of the otherparty or take other remedial measures as contractually agreed and then thehigher authority shall be responsible for settling the losses itsustained.
Section 3 Civil Liability for Infringement of RightsArticle 117Anyone who encroaches on the property of the state, a collective oranother person shall return the property; failing that, he shall reimburseits estimated price. Anyone who damages the property of the state, acollective or another person shall restore the property to its originalcondition or reimburse its estimated price. If the victim suffers othergreat losses therefrom, the infringer shall compensate for those losses aswell.Article 118If the rights of authorship (copyrights), patent rights, rights toexclusive use of trademarks, rights of discovery, rights of invention orrights for scientific and technological research achievements of citizensor legal persons are infringed upon by such means as plagiarism,alteration or imitation, they shall have the right to demand that theinfringement be stopped, its ill effects be eliminated and the damages becompensated for.Article 119Anyone who infringes upon a citizen's person and causes him physicalinjury shall pay his medical expenses and his loss in income due to missedworking time and shall pay him living subsidies if he is disabled; if thevictim dies, the infringe shall also pay the funeral expenses, thenecessary living expenses of the deceased's dependents and other suchexpenses.
Article 120If a citizen's right of personal name, portrait, reputation or honour isinfringed upon, he shall have the right to demand that the infringement bestopped, his reputation be rehabilitated, the ill effects be eliminatedand an apology be made; he may also demand compensation for losses.The above paragraph shall also apply to infringements upon a legalperson's right of name, reputation or honour.Article 121If a state organ or its personnel, while executing its duties, encroachesupon the lawful rights and interests of a citizen or legal person andcauses damage, it shall bear civil liability.Article 122If a substandard product causes property damage or physical injury toothers, the manufacturer or seller shall bear civil liability according tolaw. If the transporter or storekeeper is responsible for the matter, themanufacturer or seller shall have the right to demand compensation for itslosses.Article 123If any person causes damage to other people by engaging in operations thatare greatly hazardous to the surroundings, such as operations conductedhigh aboveground, or those involving high pressure, high voltage,combustibles, explosives, highly toxic or radioactive substances or high-speed means of transport, he shall bear civil liability; however, if itcan be proven that the damage was deliberately caused by the victim, heshall not bear civil liability.Article 124Any person who pollutes the environment and causes damage to others inviolation of state provisions for environmental protection and theprevention of pollution shall bear civil liability in accordance with thelaw.Article 125Any constructor who engages in excavation, repairs or installation ofunderground facilities in a public place, on a roadside or in a passagewaywithout setting up clear signs and adopting safety measures and therebycauses damage to others shall bear civil liability.Article 126If a building or any other installation or an object placed or hung on astructure collapses, detaches or drops down and causes damage to others,its owner or manager shall bear civil liability, unless he can provehimself not at fault.
Article 127If a domesticated animal causes harm to any person, its keeper or managershall bear civil liability. If the harm occurs through the fault of thevictim, the keeper or manager shall not bear civil liability; if the harmoccurs through the fault of a third party, the third party shall bearcivil liability.Article 128A person who causes harm in exercising justifiable defence shall not bearcivil liability. If justifiable defence exceeds the limits of necessityand undue harm is caused, an appropriate amount of civil liability shallbe borne.Article 129If harm occurs through emergency actions taken to avoid danger, the personwho gave rise to the danger shall bear civil liability. If the dangerarose from natural causes, the person who took the emergency actions mayeither be exempt from civil liability or bear civil liability to anappropriate extent. If the emergency measures taken are improper or exceedthe limits of necessity and undue harm is caused, the person who took theemergency action shall bear civil liability to an appropriate extent.Article 130If two or more persons jointly infringe upon another person's rights andcause him damage, they shall bear joint liability.Article 131If a victim is also at fault for causing the damage, the civil liabilityof the infringe may be reduced.Article 132If none of the parties is at fault in causing damage, they may share civilliability according to the actual circumstances.Article 133If a person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct causesdamage to others, his guardian shall bear civil liability. If the guardianhas done his duty of guardianship, his civil liability may beappropriately reduced.If a person who has property but is without or with limited capacity forcivil conduct causes damage to others, the expenses of compensation shallbe paid from his property. Shortfalls in such expenses shall beappropriately compensated for by the guardian unless the guardian is aunit.
Section 4 Methods of Bearing Civil LiabilityArticle 134The main methods of bearing civil liability shall be:(1) cessation of infringements;(2) removal of obstacles;(3) elimination of dangers;(4) return of property;(5) restoration of original condition;(6) repair, reworking or replacement;(7) compensation for losses;(8) payment of breach of contract damages;(9) elimination of ill effects and rehabilitation of reputation; and(10) extension of apology.The above methods of bearing civil liability may be applied exclusively orconcurrently. When hearing civil cases, a people's court, in addition toapplying the above stipulations, may serve admonitions, order the offenderto sign a pledge of repentance, and confiscate the property used incarrying out illegal activities and the illegal income obtained therefrom.It may also impose fines or detentions as stipulated by law.
Chapter VII Limitation of Action
Article 135Except as otherwise stipulated by law, the limitation of action regardingapplications to a people's court for protection of civil rights shall betwo years.Article 136The limitation of action shall be one year in cases concerning thefollowing:(1) claims for compensation for bodily injuries;(2) sales of substandard goods without proper notice to that effect;(3) delays in paying rent or refusal to pay rent; or(4) loss of or damage to property left in the care of another person.Article 137A limitation of action shall begin when the entitled person knows orshould know that his rights have been infringed upon. However, thepeople's court shall not protect his rights if 20 years have passed sincethe infringement. Under special circumstances, the people's court mayextend the limitation of action.Article 138If a party chooses to fulfil obligations voluntarily after the limitationof action has expired, he shall not be subject to the limitation.Article 139A limitation of action shall be suspended during the last six months ofthe limitation if the plaintiff cannot exercise his right of claim becauseof force majeure or other obstacles. The limitation shall resume on theday when the grounds for the suspension are eliminated.Article 140A limitation of action shall be discontinued if suit is brought or if oneparty makes a claim for or agrees to fulfillment of obligations. A newlimitation shall be counted from the time of the discontinuance.Article 141If the law has other stipulations concerning limitation of action, thosestipulations shall apply. Chapter VIII Application of Law in Civil Relations with Foreigners
Article 142The application of law in civil relations with foreigners shall bedetermined by the provisions in this chapter.If any international treaty concluded or acceded to by the People'sRepublic of China contains provisions differing from those in the civillaws of the People's Republic of China, the provisions of theinternational treaty shall apply, unless the provisions are ones on whichthe People's Republic of China has announced reservations. Internationalpractice may be applied to matters for which neither the law of thePeople's Republic of China nor any international treaty concluded oracceded to by the People's Republic of China has any provisions.Article 143If a citizen of the People's Republic of China settles in a foreigncountry, the law of that country may be applicable as regards his capacityfor civil conduct.Article 144The ownership of immovable property shall be bound by the law of the placewhere it is situated.Article 145The parties to a contract involving foreign interests may choose the lawapplicable to settlement of their contractual disputes, except asotherwise stipulated by law. If the parties to a contract involvingforeign interests have not made a choice, the law of the country to whichthe contract is most closely connected shall be applied.Article 146The law of the place where an infringing act is committed shall apply inhandling compensation claims for any damage caused by the act. If bothparties are citizens of the same country or have established domicile inanother country, the law of their own country or the country of domicilemay be applied.An act committed outside the People's Republic of China shall not betreated as an infringing act if under the law of the People's Republic ofChina it is not considered an infringing act.Article 147The marriage of a citizen of the People's Republic of China to a foreignershall be bound by the law of the place where they get married, while adivorce shall be bound by the law of the place where a court accepts thecase.Article 148Maintenance of a spouse after divorce shall be bound by the law of thecountry to which the spouse is most closely connected.
Article 149In the statutory succession of an estate, movable property shall be boundby the law of the decedent's last place of residence, and immovableproperty shall be bound by the law of the place where the property issituated.Article 150The application of foreign laws or international practice in accordancewith the provisions of this chapter shall not violate the public interestof the People's Republic of China.
Chapter IX Supplementary provisions
Article 151The people's congresses of the national autonomous areas may formulateseparate adaptive or supplementary regulations or provisions in accordancewith the principles of this Law and in light of the characteristics of thelocal nationalities. Those formulated by the people's congresses ofautonomous regions shall be submitted in accordance with the law to theStanding Committee of the National People's Congress for approval or forthe record. Those formulated by the people's congresses of autonomousprefectures or autonomous counties shall be submitted to the standingcommittee of the people's congress in the relevant province or autonomousregion for approval.Article 152If an enterprise owned by the whole people has been established with theapproval of the competent authority of a province, autonomous region orcentrally administered municipality or at a higher level and it hasalready been registered with the administrative agency for industry andcommerce, before this Law comes into force, it shall automatically qualifyas a legal person without having to re-register as such.Article 153For the purpose of this Law, "force majeure" means unforeseeable,unavoidable and insurmountable objective conditions.Article 154Time periods referred to in the Civil Law shall be calculated by theGregorian calendar in years, months, days and hours.When a time period is prescribed in hours, calculation of the period shallbegin on the prescribed hour. When a time period is prescribed in days,months and years, the day on which the period begins shall not be countedas within the period; calculation shall begin on the next day.If the last day of a time period falls on a Sunday or an official holiday,the day after the holiday shall be taken as the last day.The last day shall end at 24:00 hours. If business hours are applicable,the last day shall end at closing time.Article 155In this Law, the terms "not less than," "not more than," "within" and"expires" shall include the given figure; the terms "under" and "beyond"shall not include the given figure.Article 156This Law shall come into force on January 1, 1987.
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